It is hard to answer this without a photo, but cosmetic dental bonding can be used to solve a variety of problems with front teeth. How damaged is your front tooth? If there is enough healthy tooth structure remaining, then dental bonding may be an option. Cosmetic bonding can close most gaps (if not too large) and this procedure is less expensive than something such as porcelain crowns and veneers.
You may have a variety of treatment options available to improve the appearance of your small teeth. I'd recommended you seek out a well-trained cosmetic dentist. After a thorough exam and x-rays, you can then learn what can be done. It is hard to tell from your photos what the best option may be. You asked about dental bonding and veneers... in addition to those treatments, sometimes a gum tissue lift or orthodontics can help give the right proportions so your teeth don't look so small. It is definitely not a decision that can be made without a detailed dental exam. Good luck and thanks for your question! :)
When root canal therapy is needed, a small opening is made in the back of the tooth, and this often can be done without touching the porcelain veneer. What your doctor is telling you is correct.
Based on this photo (and assuming you are biting down completely on your back teeth), your open bite probably cannot be corrected with Invisalign. Your upper jaw looks under developed in relation to your lower jaw, and this difference makes your situation more complex. Your dental arches appear narrow, which is contributing to the crowding. You should get an opinion from an orthodontist to learn what your different options are to improve your bite, as it will benefit the long-term health of your teeth.
Based on your photos, Invisalign may be able to help correct the crowding and overbite. My main concern is how rotated your lower left canine is--- and this may be a difficult tooth for Invisalign to straighten to an ideal position. Canines have the longest roots and can take longer for Invisalign to move. This may slow down Invisalign treatment, or this tooth may not be able to be rotated to an ideal position with Invisalign. I would recommend you have an evaluation by a dentist with considerable Invisalign experience, so you can find out more about what Invisalign can do for your smile!