The white stuff was the surface of your gums burned a little by the peroxide. That has sloughed off and the dermis underneath is healing. Will go away probably within a day. No need to see the dentist. Just brush gently.
Great question. Basically the tooth is permanently bruised. Your options are to have a root canal completed and then to internally bleach the tooth. This is a good option but often is not predictable in a final even color change or that the dark stain can sometime return. Your other option is ...
Sensodyne is great. You can use it in combination with parodontax. I actually recommend that you use sensodyne in 2 week intervals. If you use it too much, it can become an irritant in itself.