Dental treatment of any kind should not be undertaken before a visual and radiographic examination is done to determine the status of the restorations in question. After this, a discussion about the reasons the fillings are to be replaced as well as the consequences of no treatment should follow. Often there can be leaking , open margins around an old restoration and no symptoms. Photographs can be easily taken & then you will be able to see the breakdown around the filling. The discussion should also include information about the various materials that can be used, the cost of the treatment, the life expectancy of the options as well as the benefits of the materials used. This is informed consent!
It's hard to answer this without seeing an xray & photo of the tooth.Did the tooth break & the filling stay...often, with a large filling this can happen! The xray will show how close the break is too the nerve of the tooth, how much tooth structure is left & the height of the bone around the tooth remaining. In Dentistry there are many things that can be done to save teeth. You indicate that the broken tooth doesn't hurt, has it had a root canal? We want whatever we do to last as long as possible so bite issues must be taken into account. If the tooth has good support, a root canal, build up & crown are a possibility. If the tooth broke under the bone, then removal and replacement may be advisable. There are many ways to replace the extracted tooth (implant, bridge or partial denture depending on the status of the rest of your teeth).
Sensitivity after a filling is placed can occur for a number of reasons. The most common is a high bite. When you are numb, the bite may feel okay but be a little high. When the anaesthetic comes out, the tooth may become sensitive. Most restorations placed are now bonded, so this step helps to protect the nerve. To see if the issue is due to a high bite, check if it "feels like something is in the way when your teeth come together?" Also, does the opposite side feel normal? Call your Dentist & have him/her check your bite. A very important thing to do as well is to check the chewing cycle. Put some gum or wax on the opposite side to where the filling was done, chew & mark with a ribbon any interferences on the filling while chewing. When a filling is deep & the bite is not high, you may feel cold initially, but this shouldn't last long & the tooth will heal. If the bite has been adjusted & you still feel the sensitivity with temperature change, a root canal will be needed.
You mention a protruded jaw as well as slanted upper teeth which make your smile uneven. The photo isn't very clear, so my advice will be generic. If your jaw is protruded, this sounds like you have an overjet. Ideally, an orthodontic consultation would be recommended to evaluate the way your teeth fit together & function. If braces,(conventional or Invisalign ) ,are suggested, the final result will leave you with a nice, even smile. Tooth whitening will make things even brighter! If braces are not the way you want to go, then ask for a diagnostic wax up of the front teeth so you can see what your teeth will look like before anything irreversible is done. In some cases the Cosmetic Dentist can do a mock up in your mouth to help you see what the final result can look like. Remember, if you are going to have veneers done, whiten your teeth first! Good luck!
Having braces 3 times is costly and time consuming . Whenever there is a recommendation to have teeth extracted, always go for a second opinion! Before starting again, have a detailed consultation with the Orthodontist on Dentist. Have a list of what you don't like about your smile now. It's hard to make a canine look right in the lateral incisor position, it's just too wide. This leads to proportion issues ( the lateral incisors should be about 2/3 the width of the central incisors), uneven gum lines and the prominent front teeth hide your back teeth. The inclination of the back teeth should be corrected by expanding the arch. This will widen your smile and thereby support your cheeks. Even though the prospect of braces again may not be that great, after alignment, you probably won't need veneers or bonding. Sometimes some gum sculpting and tooth whitening will be the final touch on your great smile! Good luck!