I am being charged for a bone graft that was never done. Can an x-ray show whether or not the procedure really was completed?

The extraction site appears to be healing ok. I don't see a visible abscess. There will be a hole there for several weeks until the tissue closes all the way. It takes time for that tissue to close around the space of a large molar. If the tooth behind the space needs a root canal, that may be...

That is what it should look like. That is the top of the implant showing through the gums. That is completely normal and nothing to worry about. 

The white stuff is the bone graft material. It's best to stitch the gums completely over this graft material so that it does not become contaminated by germs in the saliva. When contaminated, there will be a good chance that the graft will need repeating.