I would love to see a previous picture of your teeth before they fractured. You could post a before and after picture of your teeth. Pictures would help us comment more accurately. What was the cause of the fracture? Were you involved in a car accident or did you fall?
I would almost never shorten a tooth. You can not put back the tooth structure once it has been removed. I am not a fan of cutting teeth for veneers unless it is absolutely the best option. I like to stay with the more natural conservative option. Looking at your photos, I would also suggest veneers.
I always recommend take home bleaching trays after an in-office session of whitening to obtain the maximum results. Bleaching trays work, it just takes longer to obtain visible wow results than an in-office session.
It sounds like you have reached a plateau. Your teeth have a whitening range of how white your teeth will bleach. If you are not happy with the results at home, you may want to try an in-office session at a dental office with stronger bleach.
it sounds like you affected your gums. You should have the area evaluated by a Dentist or Physician.